A Theoretical Perspective On Organisational Socialisation

Introduction Individuals spend their lives trying to fit in. Fit into their family roles, fit into their circle of friends and fit into their workplaces. Being a part of a group, a team or an organisations provides a sense of comfort and belonging. Furthermore, it instills confidence to carry out respective roles efficiently. The process by which individuals incorporate themselves into society and into organisations is defined as socialisation (Jablin 2001). Socialisation theories usually focus on paid workers and their experiences within an organisation (Miller 2012). What they fail to consider is that volunteers within an organisation are also equally important and in need of the same guidance and knowledge that paid workers are provided with. Kramer (2010) brings volunteers to the forefront stating that volunteers are an equal asset to an organisation, especially in the Non-profit sector. The purpose of this research is to explore the process of socialisation among volunteers in a Non-profit organisation. The paper will provide a theoretical perspective on Organisational Socialisation in terms of its definition and its process. It will then examine how a particular volunteer socialisation process is applicable in the case of a unique project conducted by a Non-profit organisation. Background The International Society is a Non-profit organisation in Manchester that supports international students in enhancing their experience while studying in the United Kingdom. ItShow MoreRelatedHr Strategy Competitive Advantage3921 Words   |  16 Pagesadvantage. 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He said it is the family that moulds the child’s personality to fit the needs of society, producing children who are committed to shared normsRead MoreHealth: Sociology and Social Care9095 Words   |  37 Pagesage, sex, sexuality, ethnicity, gender, education, social class Legislation, charters and codes of practice: national, European, United Nations (UN) as appropriate eg equality, diversity, discrimination, confidentiality and sharing information Organisational systems and policies: information, documents, systems, structures, procedures, practices Good practice: in accordance with practice and service standards, challenging discrimination, ethics, values, ensuring dignity and rights; data protectionRead MoreManagement and Mcd2040 Managing People6266 Words   |  26 Pagesobjectives When you have completed this unit, you are expected to be able to: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ define management and summarise the evolution of management ideas on how managers may influence, people, organisations and their contexts to achieve organisational goals. This includes an awareness of the cultural contexts of the original source and the development and contemporary application of management theory and practice. identify and discuss contextual factors in the organisation s environment that

Alexander Hamilton Vs. Thomas Jefferson - 887 Words

Hamilton vs. Jefferson During the Revolutionary- Federalist Era, politics, parties, programs, policies, and people made an enormous difference in how the new nation should be structured and run. During this era, two men in particular championed politics and their respective parties. These two men were Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and Thomas Jefferson, a Democratic-Republican. Both Hamilton and Jefferson were successful college educated intellectuals and politicians who made significant contributions to the development of the United States policies and programs. However Hamilton, despite never being elected President, had more influence over the development of the United States’ policies and programs during the†¦show more content†¦Hamilton’s vision for the United States economy became true as manufacturing in the North was supported. Hamilton continued to show his financial prowess while serving as Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. In this position Hamilton proposed i deas such as a National Bank, which served as a mint, and a National Debt, allowed for the creation of credit speculation thus involving the interest of the wealthy in the success of the country, which proved to be very successful in boosting the nations economy. Jefferson on the other hand, while president, decided to let most of Hamilton’s old policies to simple expire under him only to be reinstated after his presidency. Aside from fiscal policies, Hamilton’s importance and influence in the development of the United States in areas such as constitutional interpretation was more so than Jefferson’s. After Hamilton had proposed a National Bank, Jefferson and others proposed that what Hamilton’s plan was unconstitutional. Jefferson a strong believer in strict interpretation of the constitution found Hamilton’s National Bank unconstitutional, on the grounds that it overstepped government responsibilities and the incorporation of a bank was not desc ribed in the constitution (Doc Q). Jefferson, an advocate for states rights, feared too strong a government and believed strict interpretation of the constitution wouldShow MoreRelatedAlexander Hamilton Vs. Thomas Jefferson1289 Words   |  6 Pages Selina Lewis October 17, 2014 Government Ms. Bishop Alexander Hamilton vs. Thomas Jefferson During the ratification of the Constitution of 1787, the Federalist and Anti-federalist views created tensions and barriers between the two. 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Although Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson were similar in that they both harbored good intentions and tried to keep the best interests in mind forRe ad MoreThe Forgotten Founder : Alexander Hamilton1196 Words   |  5 PagesAriel Fisher College Composition 3M Mr. Claxton December 10, 2015 The Forgotten Founder Alexander Hamilton was one of the founding fathers of the United States, but little to no people recognize the accomplishments he made. As a young man he fought in the Revolutionary War under the command of George Washington and later went on to become the first Secretary of the Treasury. With a multitude of other achievements under his belt, it’s hard to comprehend how this amazing man became a forgotten figureRead MoreCompare And Contrast Alexander Hamilton And Thomas Jefferson1163 Words   |  5 Pagesclosest advisors, Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson, formed the gatherings that started the dual-party system in which the United States operates today. 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Frida Kahlo Free Essays

The documentary talked about the Mexican painter Friday Kohl who was best known for her unique series of self-portraits. I knew about her artwork and was quite amazed by her way of portraying self-portraits in an extraordinary expression before I watched this documentary. After watching the video, I understand more about the reasons why her painting was done this way. We will write a custom essay sample on Frida Kahlo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Her artworks brought the pieces of her life stories to the audience. Her marriage with Diego Riviera contributes the later works of her. It was the main influence of her life. If she did not meet Diego Riviera, e would probably see a total Friday Kohl. The complicated relationship from inability of reproduction, Dies unfaithfulness, Kohl’s affairs, divorce to remarriage created the Kohl who was physically and emotionally torn. She expressed her life problems in her paintings, her tragic and exotic figures brand her personal art career. However the important event in her life was the undergo of the miscarriage and abortion. It portrayed the painful personal of Kohl that reflected in the emotional disorder of her artwork. Kohl wanted a child very much, her nightmares ND thoughts about fertility was shown. The fertility dream is the part which I like most about the documentary. It portrays a woman’s struggle and pain for losing the ability to have a baby, the heart wrenching when you wish for a child of you and your loves one but you have lost the reproductive system ability. The artwork Henry Ford Hospital (The Flying Bed) provokes the emotions in us. I would also think that this painting attract the attention the issue on fertility, at the same time encourage the public to take care of their reproductive health. It would make a different influence to Kohl’s career if she was not living in Mexico. In her paintings, a strong indigenous Mexican culture was shown in the use of intense color and primitive style. She also wore traditional indigenous clothing of Mexico as shown in her paintings. If she was living in Europe or America, the colors she used and costumes will most probably reflect the scene of the country instead. The humming birds and monkey painted are animals in Mexican mythology. The folk cultural content will disappear and she will robbery express her self-portrait in another way. I am surprised by the Mexicans attitude to death in the documentary. The way they took death in a celebration manner shocked me. She even painted a dead child and put in on top of her bed. Collection of skeleton in her house showed her close association with death, either death of children or the death itself. I do not agree with Andre Bretons description of Kohl’s work as surrealist. Friday Kohl painted her own stories, she did not paint dreams. The dream-like fantasy atmosphere she painted is a metaphor to her own life. Her pain and Joy were represented by elements that are irrational and imaginary. They were all what she had been through, but not dream. In my point of view, Friday Kohl was an amazing independent artist. In response to her tragic life, she painted. She triumphed over her life problems by her own strength and self- determination. Painting the reality helped in expressing her pain and tears, a way of releasing perhaps helped in easing her suffering process. She revealed her life in art and this has helped to address the issues to the public that serves as a reminder and encouragement. How to cite Frida Kahlo, Papers Frida Kahlo Free Essays Art Essay – Friday Kohl The Mexican Surrealist artist, Friday Kohl, uses her personal experience, marriage and tragedies to express her feelings and emotions in her artworks. The artworks, Recurred (Memory), Henry Ford Hospital and The Two Fridays, all use personal imagery, signs, symbols and everyday occurrences to show her experiences. Kohl’s artworks are personal and thought provoking and have made her one of the 20th centuries most enduring and popular artists. We will write a custom essay sample on Frida Kahlo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Friday Kohl was born on the 6th July, 1907 in Mexico. When she was a young girl she suffered from polio. When she was 18, she and her boyfriend were involved in a bus accident. A metal pole pieced Friday Kohl through her pelvis area. She suffered many injuries including a fractured spine, ribs, collarbone and pelvis. She endured more than thirty operations following the accident and was told she would be unable to have children. During her recovery in hospital, Kohl began painting. She painted mainly self-portraits using a mirror above her hospital bed. Friday Kohl married at 22 too man called Diego Riviera. Their legislation was plagued with divorce, affairs and Kohl’s inability to have children. Friday Kohl suffered from gangrene in the years before her death which resulted in her having her right leg amputated below the knee. Kohl died on the 13th July, 1954. She painted about 200 artworks and held many exhibitions over the course of her life. Recurred (Memory) is a very symbolic artwork painted by Friday Kohl in 1937. It describes her pain when her husband, Diego, had an affair with Friday Kohl’s sister, Christina. Although her face appears expressionless, the tears pouring down her face vales that she suffering from immense emotional pain. The tears may also represent her physical pain at having a metal rod piece her chest and her heart being ripped out. Her broken heart now lies at her feet. The size of her heart emphasizes the sheer intensity of the pain she is experiencing from Diego and her sister’s betrayal. She has painted this self-portrait without her hands, suggesting that she is experiencing feelings of helplessness and despair. The two outfits on either side of her, represent the happier times Kohl experienced with Diego. Her school uniform signifies that Friday Kohl met Diego when she was still at school. The other outfit is a Mexican dress. It symbolizes the Friday Kohl that Diego loved. Diego loved Friday Kohl’s long hair so she cut it off to spite him. That is why this artwork pictures Friday Kohl with cropped short hair. Friday Kohl painted the artwork, ‘Henry Ford Hospital’ in 1932, directly after leaving the hospital following her second miscarriage. This artwork contains a lot of symbolism and is a representation of the pain of experiencing a miscarriage. Kohl has painted herself naked, lying on her back on top of a hospital bed at Henry Ford hospital. She has blood on the sheets beneath her pelvic area and a tear flows from her left eye showing the viewer the pain she is experiencing. The six images that float around the bed, each relate to her miscarriage. They are all connected to her by red lines which can be interpreted as umbilical cords. The diagram of a woman’s torso is painted in the left upper corner and shows the workings of a female body and reproductive system. The image to the eight of it, shows an almost fully formed male fetus. It represents the child she lost due to the miscarriage. She refers to the miscarriage child as Disguise (Little Diego). The image in the right upper corner is a snail. It implies that the length and pace off miscarriage is very slow and tiring. Below that is an image of a pelvic bone. This directly related to Kohl, explaining graphically that she was unable to have a child due to a shattered pelvis which she sustained in the bus accident. The orchard was a gift from her husband Diego. The Two Fridays was painted in 1939 during the time Friday Kohl and Diego were getting divorced. She has used a lot of symbolism to show how much pain the divorce had caused her. The left Friday is the unhappy one that Diego no longer loves. She is displayed in a European style dress and is holding the hand-held scissors that are severing her ties with Diego. Her heart has been painted in a damaged manner, showing how the divorce has broken her and left her emotionally unstable. The right Friday represents the happy one that Diego loved. She s dressed in her traditional Mexican clothing and is showing a whole, happy and healthy heart. In her hand, she is holding a picture of Diego. A cord is connecting her to this picture, suggesting they were lovers. The two Friday’s are Joined by their hands and by a cord. When Kohl was younger she had an imaginary friend who was a girl. Many believe that Kohl included her in the artwork but I believe that it meaner the only person she can rely on is herself. Diego has left her resulting in Kohl pushing all her friends away so in the end she is the only one left. The background shows a Tory sky, explaining her emotions perfectly. Friday Kohl once said, â€Å"l suffered two grave accidents in my life. One in which a streetcar knocked me down†¦ The other accident is Diego’. This meaner that the bus accident caused her physical pain and Diego caused her emotional pain. Friday Kohl has used a lot of symbolism and imagery in her artworks, Recurred (Memory), Henry Ford Hospital and The Two Fridays, to show her personal experiences and tragedies. She used her paintings to express her feelings as she suffered physical and emotional pain throughout her life. How to cite Frida Kahlo, Papers

Reversal Of Impairment Loss For Cash Generating Units †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Reversal Of Impairment Loss For Cash Generating Units. Answer: Reversal Of Impairment Loss For Cash Generating Units AASB 136 and IAS 36 deals with the procedures which are being applied to make sure that assets are not shown at higher value in comparison to its recoverable value. The specified standard specifically provides procedure relating to impairment on all intangible and tangible assets other than those which are covered under other IFRS. Present essay revolves around the analysis of Reversal of accounted impairment loss for CGU and accounting for same. An impairment loss can be define as written down value of an asset or a CGU because shown value is higher than its recoverable amount (Johansson, Hjelstrm and Hellman, 2016.). As according to the provisions of the standard no asset should be carried at a value which is higher than its recoverable amount or fair value. Further, for accomplishing the same objective, it has been provided with the scope of potential indicators for assessing whether impairment loss exists or not. Above description shows that CGU is impaired in case the carried value is higher in comparison to recoverable amount then computation of recoverable amount is done by making comparison of fair value less cost relating to selling and value in use, in this higher value is considered for accounting. The loss which has been recognised as expenses is transferred to profit and loss account (Henderson and et.al. 2015). Further, the standard also specifies the provisions when entities are required to make a reversal of impairment loss and the manner of recognising the same in books of accounts. IAS 36 provides that reversal of impairment in the case of CGU is to be reversed by appropriately proportioning the amount in no. of assets which have been covered by making use of pro rata basis and applying it on carrying amounts of concerned assets. However, goodwill is not be included while reversal of impairment loss of Cash Generating Unit. The reversal amount is allocated to the written down value of asset available in the balance sheet (Edwards, 2013). It should not be increased higher in comparison to the lower of its carrying amount and recoverable amount. The specified amount must be provided after reducing depreciation or amortisation which might have been recognised in the case where there has no recognition of impairment loss inprior periods. It is also provided in the standard that it is necessary for the entire organisation to apply the test in order to assess the same and it should be assessed at each reporting date. For verifying the same, it is necessary to consider internal as well as external components which are considered necessary by the management (Johansson, Hjelstr, and Hellman, 2016.). Provisions relating to disclosure of reversal of impairment loss have been made available in paragraph 130 of AASB 136. As per the provision specified in Australian accounting standards reversal of impairment loss in case of a CGU is recorded in books of accounts on an instant basis in profit or loss statement. Thus the provisioning of same is not required in case when the book value of the asset is revalued in accordance with the provision of IAS 36. As per the views of Detzen, Stork and Zlch (2016), in the case when the value of the asset is increased at the year end than the reversal is required to be considered as a revaluation increase and accounted as per provision of IAS 36. Further after revising the written down value of asset, depreciation or amortisation is charged for future periods in accordance with the allocation revised carrying amount from which residual value is deducted on a reasonable base for the remaining life of the asset. A CGU is the least distinguishable group of assets which is capable for generation of cas inflows that are specifically dependent on assets or group of assets (Bond, Govendir and Wells, 2016.). AASB 136 states recoverable amount as higher of recongnised value of cash-generating and units fair value. It is not compulsory to determine both value in use and fair value less cost relating to selling. In case the either amount of both is higher than assets carrying amount that it is clear that the impairment of asset is not required. Further, it is necessary to ascertain fair value less cost of sale even in case the asset is not actively traded in the market. In a situation when no basis is available to evaluate the value of the asset on a reasonable basis from the sale of an asset by considering its arm length price in market then it is more appropriate to consider the recoverable value of the asset. As per the views of Amiraslani, Iatridis and Pope, (2013), in a situation when there is n o reason to have confidence in fact that assets value in use is substantially higher in comparison to fair value less cost relating to selling than the same might be used as the recoverable amount. It is usually considered in the case when assets are being disposed of because at that time asset will mainly consist net proceeds from disposal as future cash flows that will be derived from continuing use of asset until the amount is same as negligible value. Usually, impairment of assets is done on the individual basis in accordance with the provisions of IAS 36 (Bartov, Goldberg and Kim, 2013). However, in case the recoverable amount of assets cannot be ascertained for each individual asset than in such situation an organisation opts to value the carrying value of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. As it considered that computation of the recoverable amount of each individual asset is not appropriate and hence, ascertainment of the recoverable amount of the CGU to which that particular asset belong. Further, the following aspects are to be considered while impairment testing of CGU by every organisation: Consideration of cash flows in detail and reassessing the same; Evaluation of impairment indicators. Ascertainment of the discount rates; Benchmarking the assumptions with the market. Journal entry for recording impairment loss: In case of cost, model is applied Particular Amount Accumulated depreciation impairment losses Dr. XXX Income - impairment loss reversal Cr. XXX In case revaluation model is applied Asset Dr. XXX Deferred tax liability Cr. XXX Asset revaluation surplus Cr. XXX Calculation of Impairment Loss: Carried Value of Balance Sheet 677000 Value in Use of assets 608000 Impairment loss 69000 Allocable Impairment loss to assets: Total impairment loss - Amount of Goodwill Impairment loss allocable to patent = 69000-23000- (455000-438283) = 29283 Allocation of impairment loss to assets in proportionate to their book value: Asset Value in Use Calculation Allocable Impairment loss Amount to be carried in Balance Sheet Equipment 105000 29283*105000/199000 15451 89549 Fitting 66000 29283*66000/199000 9712 56288 Inventory 28000 29283*28000/199000 4120 18880 Patent 455000 16717 438283 Journal Entry in the books of Gali Ltd: 30.06.2015 Impairment loss Dr. 69000 Goodwill Cr. 23000 Patent Cr. 16717 Accumulated amortisation and Impairment Losses (Equipment) Cr. 15451 Accumulated amortisation and Impairment Losses (Fittings) Cr. 9712 Accumulated amortisation and Impairment Losses (Inventory) Cr. 4120 [Being impairment loss attributed to assets on pro-rata basis except patent and goodwill.] Impairment Account Date Particular Amount Date Particular Amount 30.06.2015 Accumulated Impairment Loss A/c 69000 30.06.2015 Profit and Loss Account A/c 69000 Provision of IAS 36 will be applicable in the present case for the allocation of impairment loss to the available assets. In accordance with the study of Abuaddous, Hanefah and Laili (2014), the provisions impairment loss is initially adjusted with the amount available in Goodwill account and further to the extent to which loss has been provided to a specific asset. Finally, the remaining amount of impairment loss is being proportionate to the book value of remaining assets. Another thing that is to be considered is that no impairment loss is adjusted in cash account. As in present scenario; firstly the impairment loss will be set off with the amount of goodwill i.e. 23000 then the remaining amount will be allocated proportionately to remaining assets except cash. Further, as the fair value of a patent is available in the question, hence the impairment loss of patent will be the difference between book value and fair value. References Books and Journal Abuaddous, M., Hanefah, M.M. and Laili, N.H., 2014. Accounting standards, goodwill impairment and earnings management in Malaysia. International Journal of Economics and Finance. 6(12). P.201. Amiraslani, H., Iatridis, G.E. and Pope, P.F., 2013. Accounting for asset impairment: a test for IFRS compliance across Europe. Centre for Financial Analysis and Reporting Research (CeFARR). Bartov, E., Goldberg, S.R. and Kim, M., 2013. Comparative value relevance among German, US, and international accounting standards: A German stock market perspective. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance. 20(2),Pp.95-119. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairment decisions by Australian firms and whether this was impacted by AASB 136. Detzen and et.al. 2016. Impairment of Goodwill and Deferred Taxes Under IFRS. Australian Accounting Review, 26(3),Pp.301-311. Edwards, J.R., 2013. A History of Financial Accounting (RLE Accounting) (Vol. 29). Routledge. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K. and Howieson, B., 2015. Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Johansson, S.E., Hjelstrm, T. and Hellman, N., 2016. Accounting for goodwill under IFRS: A critical analysis. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, 27, Pp.13-25.

Unitech Corporation of management

Question: 1-What is the Existing organization Structure? 2-What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of the Existing Organization Structure? 3-Design the Organization Chart for Existing Organization Structure? 4-Which New Organization Structure is Proposed? 5-What are the Strength and Weakness of the New Organization Structure? 6-What are the points in this case for: Project Manager Skill on leader ship, Management Decision making, system and planning skill, Financial Awareness, Communication and Negotiating and contractual skills? 7-What are the PM process and level of activities identified? 8-What are the Various Component of Project? 9-Discuss all the PM process and Deliverable Defined? 10-Discuss your point of view on PM Initiation, Before and After Key Points? 11-What are the Steps for Project Integration Management? 12-What are the Project Contracting and Which Type Used? Answer : Answer 1: Unitech being a test equipment and software developer for the electronic industry was primarily confronted with several organizational issues. As per the case study, it is noted that there existed a line organizational framework in the firm (Phillips 2013). Further, with a segregation among the two major departments, namely electronic and computer engineering there was a consequent differentiation between the focused line managers. Moreover, both the department heads reported to and followed orders of the vice president who belonged to an engineering background. The prevailing organizational structure provided Unitech with several advantages and challenges as well. Answer 2: According to Kerzner (2013), it is noted that the line organizational structure had a multidimensional approach towards Unitech. Despite of being a simple and a measure of direct decision making, the framework tend to simplify relationships and increase responsibility. On the other hand, the structure acts as negativity in case of business growths. Also, there is an increase in internal competition, pressure levels and many others. As per the case study, in addition to a downfall in competency levels, there was a lack in revenue generation, focus and teamwork. Answer 3: The organizational chart based on the existing type of business framework is as follow Figure: Existing Organizational Structure of Unitech (Source: As created by author) It is noted that only the line managers have a direct control over the project team, members and the staff of the firm. Also, the project departments are focused on achieving individual company benefitting targets that further lead a competition between the two major divided departments (Moustafaev 2015). Moreover, there exists a chain of command in the organization as well. Answer 4: In order to develop business conditions the president of Unitech being a strong believer of project organizational structure reconstructed the framework of the firm. It is noted that the new structure along with developing efficiency of the firm focused on a proper decision making. Additionally, a project manager was also hired to guide contracting, creation of new pricing strategies and also developing of PM processes. Lastly, the contractors suggested management contractors to secure future growth opportunities as well. Answer 5: The newly developed project organizational structure provided Unitech with several strengths as well as weaknesses. Concerning strengths, the authority of project managers, communication developments, speedy decision making, and efficiency increments proved to be the most profitable (Bartsch, Ebers and Maurer 2013). On the contrary, factors like team setting up costs, individual loyalty developments of project team members, hardships in maintaining intellectual capital and a future concern tends to be a weakness for the enterprise. As opined by Bartsch, Ebers and Maurer (2013), it is noted that the newly proposed organizational structure also encouraged the firm to effectively grab market opportunities as well. Answer 6: The several key points needed by the Project manager in the following areas are: Leadership: Unitech`s president looked onto the appointed project manager (PM) to develop leadership. In addition to representing initiative and obtaining expected results, the PM signifies interpersonal abilities, develops efficiency and proper meeting conducts (Cummings and Worley 2014). Decision Making: The project managers also plays a huge role in the management`s decision making process. Several factors like alternative evaluation, problem solving skills, enthusiasm, motivation, cooperation, data management and skill development are focused on. System and Planning Skill: Characteristics like project administration, computer literacy, optimum resource use, information monitoring and a proper implementation of developed plan are focused on by the PM to ensure high performance levels. Financial Awareness: In addition to risk management, financial knowledge and procurement strategies, the project manager of Unitech actively involves in developing profit-loss statements, cost control polices and cash flow familiarities. Communication: It is noted that the PM focuses on informal channels, and technical innovations to build by clarity in the communication channels of Unitech. Negotiating and Contractual Skills: Apart from the various activities, the project managers also have knowledge about contract laws and statutory regulations which not only ensure a proper abidance of legal formalities but also secure fruitfulness of the project (Cummings and Worley 2014). Answer 7: In addition to developing new contracts, key points of pricing strategies were also identified. According to Burke (2013), cost discipline, management contractor suggestions and many other positive changes grabbed the project managers view. It is noted that areas of communication, HR and conflict management aspects also formed part of the recognized activities. Answer 8: The various components of a project of Unitech are the following: Client Interest: Concerns the interests and views of the customers Project Stake: Involves the total investment of a corporate project Resources: The total financial, human aspects, technology and resources involved in a project Creativity: Concerns the range of innovation needed for a projects success Uncertainty: The total degree of risk involved in a project Answer 9: The project processes and deliverables of Unitech include the following: Initiating: This particular step includes all the information, policies, standards, operating guidelines and every other necessity which is required to initiate a project. Also, the primary scope statement is prepared in the initial stage (Gido and Clements 2014). Planning: The scheduling includes development of the project plan which also acts as the backbone of the whole initiative. Executing: This step includes the deliverables, performance data, change requests and implementation of the alterations which contribute in detecting pitfalls. Monitoring and Controlling: The 4th process relates to the approved deliverables. In addition to updates on performance reports, plans and forecast statements, the step includes approving changes and rejecting the change appeals. Further, the process also includes recommendation actions, repair detections, approving repairs as well. Closing: The last and final step includes the final product or service of the project. Figure: Project Management Process (Source: Burke 2013) Answer 10: The differences between PM initiation before and after key points are the following: Before Key Points After Key Points 1. No clear project idea 1. Clear statement of project development 2. No clear forecasting of results 2. Clear forecasting and expectancy of success 3. No clear authority and responsibility delegation. Also, no clear statement of stakeholders and leadership ideas 3. Identification of stakeholders and direction of leadership 4. No budget statement of the project 4. Clear and transparent budget development Table: Differences between PM Initiation Before and After Key Points (Source: Gido and Clements 2014) Answer 11: The four main steps in project integration management are the following: Project interaction judgment Incorporate external inputs Judging, assessing, influencing and cooperating external resource in the project Screening and selecting the profitable PM tools Figure: Project Management Processes (Source: As created by author) Answer 12: It is noted that there mainly exist three types of contracting types, which are: Price Based Quantity and Rate Based Reimbursable (Cost Based) As per the case study, the existing contracting methods take a longing scheduling time and ultimately lead to a delay in the project. As stated by Weglarz (2012), it is only with a change in the framework of the organization which will lend a hand towards stabilizing contracting measures and also help to accomplish projects on time. The quality process will also contribute towards developing contracting conditions. References Bartsch, V., Ebers, M. and Maurer, I., 2013. Learning in project-based organizations: The role of project teams' social capital for overcoming barriers to learning.International Journal of Project Management,31(2), pp.239-251. Burke, R., 2013. Project management: planning and control techniques.New Jersey, USA. Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Gido, J. and Clements, J.P., 2014.Successful project management. Nelson Education. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Moustafaev, J., 2015. Project scope management. Phillips, J., 2013.PMP, Project Management Professional (Certification Study Guides). McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. Weglarz, J. ed., 2012.Project scheduling: recent models, algorithms and applications(Vol. 14). Springer Science Business Media.

The Berbers And Islam Essays - Maghreb, , Term Papers

The Berbers and Islam Today in America many new followers of Islam experience confusion when choosing which area to examine first. Many devout Muslims believe that the true basis for understanding Islam begins and ends with the study of Mohammed's life and his creation and writing of the Q'uran under Allah's direction and spirit. However, the understanding and study of any religion (that will become your way of life) must include the close examination of peoples, history and the influence or spread into other countries. One paramount area of Islam that must be examined is the influence of Islam in other countries. We must consider: With the mass spread of Islam in parts of Africa, exactly how did that occur? Or who was responsible for the transformation of government, politics, and this religion in such an important continent of Africa? Abdullah ibn Yacin was a Muslim leader and scholar. He was also the leader of the Almoravids. His influence on Islam was great indeed, in that he converted believers beyond just practice, he transformed them into the militant force, which came to be known as the Almoravids. Through Abdullah ibn Yacin's rule and his successor Abu Bakr's drive the Almoravids influenced Islam greatly. The modern history of the Almoravids and the history traced by the Berbers themselves begin with their conversion to Islam by the Arabs, who began to move into North Africa in 640 CE. Over the years Arab invasions forced many Berbers out of the coastal regions and into the mountains and desert. Others were absorbed into the Arab population (Hourani, 190) In 1054, a confederation of Muslim Berber groups formed a new and powerful dynasty in the west, in what is now southern Morocco and Western Sahara. They were known as the Almoravids. The whole of Morocco was under Almoravid rule by 1069. In 1086, they invaded Spain and had conquered much of its south by 1106. The Almoravids, who came from the desert fringes of Maghrib, brought an austere temper of strict adherence to Maliki law and suspicion of free rational speculation. The power of their successors, the Almohads, was also created by an impulse of revival of piety, with an emphasis on the unity of God and observance of the law; but it drew its sustenance from the religious thought of the eastern Muslim world, where its founder, Ibn Tumart, had studied and formed his mind, and those who carried it throughout the Maghrib and to Andalus came from the settled Berber peoples of the Atlas mountains (Giles, 50) The Almoravids essentially overcame the most powerful empire in Western Africa. By taking over commercial routes; gaining control of the economic power the Ghanaian king was forced to divide his capital city into two distinct districts, one for non-Muslims and a more powerful district one for Muslims. The district eventually declared holy war or jihad against Ghana and weakened the Ghana Empire until it collapsed. The effect the Almoravids had on Islam was great indeed. The purifying of the religion was sped up by the holy wars. The Almoravids created a fervor in Africa that transformed the spread of the religion. Now, native Africans who had converted from traditional religions were spreading the teachings of Islam. By examining the powerful group, the Almoravids we are able to understand why and when Islam was transformed from a religion based in the Middle East to an indigenous religion of Africa.

Catcher In The Rye Essay

Catcher In The Rye Essay Catcher In The Rye Essay Koby Hinnant Leiknes 1 January 13, 2013 Holden Caulfield: Smart or Stupid? Many people, after reading The Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger, may think that Holden Caulfield is not a very bright person. They may be right in thinking that, but the author was trying to show throughout the book that he actually was very intelligent, just maybe not scholarly way. This novel gives investigates the ideas of many different themes to help show what life was like for Holden Caulfield over the period of a few days. Furthermore, Salinger creates many different kinds of symbolism throughout the story to signify the character of Holden Caulfield. All of these items in this story about Holden Caulfield hint at how he finally comes to grasp with his life, how much of hole he is in, and that he needs start applying himself to life. Within the start of the book, The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s character consisted of him being horrible in school (except in English). He considers all of those around him in the school to be phonies , and â€Å"one of the biggest reasons [he] left Elkton Hills was because [he] was surrounded by phonies† (13). Likewise, Holden’s character was also very isolated throughout the course of most of the story. He never really had many true friends that he talked about where he loved them and had to be with them. Sure, he had a date for a little while, and there was Jane, but it never implied that he wouldn’t be able to live without them, so he led somewhat of a lonely life other than those few people mentioned. But when the story was coming to a close, that all changed when he found out how much his sister truly cared for him and loved him. When she said â€Å"I’m going with you† (206), although he may be mad at her, he is forever transformed from a lonely person to a man who will never be isolated again because his sister will always be there for him. In addition, for most of the story, Holden was always depressed because of other people’s m isfortune. After seeing his sister ride the carousel, this part of him is changed too. Although the story ends just a little after that part, it foreshadows that Holden will enjoy his life more than he used to in the future to come. Salinger brought many themes into this story and developed them over the course of a few days of Holden’s life. The storyline of The Catcher in the Rye is highly centered on lies and deceit. Holden is always talking about how people were the â€Å"phoniest bastard[s] [he] ever met in [his] life† (13). This signifies that everyone is not being themselves, they are putting on another act when they around people, so they are deceiving each other. This particular idea also fits within the theme of youth. Most of the adults in the storyline are portrayed as being very phony, whereas on the other hand, the children in the book are all depicted as caring and kindhearted. Take Allie, or Phoebe, for example. Both of them were kind to everybody and c aring, as it was showed when Holden asked to borrow some Christmas money and she said â€Å"You can take it all† (179). By saying that, it shows how compassionate she truly was by letting him take all of her money. The idea of innocence is shown many times throughout this book and the novel would be lacking without it. Holden shows his innocence when he has a prostitute come to his room, yet he changes his mind and only wants to talk with her. This shows that Holden catcher in the rye Essay catcher in the rye Essay English 4 27 January 2014 Holden Caulfield is a very insecure, jealous teenager. Throughout The Catcher and the Rye Holden consistently shows us through insults that he is indeed, insecure. J.D Salinger institutes Holden’s insecurity by having Holden judge everything and everyone in the story which growing up I have been told people judge others because they are insecure about themselves. Holden is always calling someone a moron, or an ass, to make himself feel better. There is no doubt that Holden acts the way he does for no reason other than besides the fact that he is an insecure kid. Holden is in a school in which he does not have many friends so he picks apart the kids with friends to make himself feel normal and make it seems as if it is the others who are in the wrong. During his interactions with his roommates and his day to day life, you realize that Holden is so insecure and lacks self confidence majorly. Holden comes off very negative as the book begins, as the first line of the story references his so called lousy childhood, which to me immediately stood out as a kid with no confidence and someone who will be insecure. That was the string of a large amount of lines in which Holden was negative and or insulted someone else. Holden got into a fight with Stradlater who he continuously insults, about his date with Holden’s crush Jean Gallagher. After a brief scuffle Holden says â€Å"All morons hate it when you call them morons† (pg 44, Salinger). Holden says this to feel good about himself again after being beat up a bit by Stradlater. Holden always had said how he cannot stand Stradlater and does not know how he gets girls, which is the direct result of Holden being insecure about his appearance, and having no confidence. He is incredibly insecure about his own body because calls Stradlater fake and takes so long to get himself ready to go out. If he really did not like Stradlater he would not be worried about what he was doing, but he pic ks him apart because than Holden can feel better about himself. Holden insults people that he does not even know either, like the entertainers at Ernie’s. When the entertainers were finished with a song, naturally everyone began to clap, but Holden says â€Å"people always clap for the wrong things† (pg 77, Salinger). Holden says that because he is jealous that he cannot perform like the one performing the music and he is insecure about his talents, or lack thereof. Holden has no reason to cut apart the performers in fact, he should be grateful of these performers giving everyone at Ernie’s something to listen to. However, Holden is so insecure and jealous that he feels the need to cut apart someone who is doing nothing wrong. Holden is known for going on rants. His rants vary from complaining about how phony the school is, to the people he despises, and judging people who he does and does not know. Holden is on a downward spiral which are shown by his rants and rambling (Costranovo, David). This is a true statement, due to the fact that after every rant, Holden seems to get more and more against the world. Holden goes on more rants during the story such as when he says â€Å"mothers are all slightly insane† (pg 55, Salinger). While he seems to mean this in a positive way, he is always brining out some derogatory statement. He simply could have said that mothers are always there for their children and it is impressive. Instead I believe he uses the word insane to make himself feel like he does enough for other people and that mothers go overboard. He is insecure about the amount of work he puts into his life. I believe he calls the work they do insane, because he puts no effort into schoolwork so by him using the word insane, he feels as if he is more normal. It seems extreme to have Holden go this extreme to insult a group, but Holden has proved he will do anything to make himself feel better. Holden’s goal throughout the en tire story is to feel better about himself however it does Catcher in the Rye Essay Catcher in the Rye Essay Themes and Motifs 1. 2. 3. Holden’s central goal is to resist the process of maturity. He is frightened because he is guilty of the sins he criticizes in others, and because he can’t understand everything around him. But he refuses to acknowledge this fear, expressing it only in a few instances- for example, when he talks about sex and admits that â€Å"[s]ex is something I just don’t understand. I swear to God I don’t† (Chapter 9). Instead of acknowledging that adulthood scares and mystifies him, Holden invents a fantasy that adulthood is a world of superficiality and hypocrisy (â€Å"phoniness†), while childhood is a world of innocence, curiosity, and honesty. Nothing reveals his image of these two worlds better than his fantasy about the catcher in the rye: he imagines childhood as an idyllic field of rye in which children romp and play; adulthood, for the children of this world, is equivalent to death- a fatal fall over the edge of a cliff. His created unders tandings of childhood and adulthood allow Holden to cut himself off from the world by covering himself with a protective armor of cynicism. But as the book progresses, Holden’s experiences, particularly his encounters with Mr. Antolini and Phoebe, reveal the shallowness of his conceptions. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. â€Å"Phoniness,† which is probably the most famous phrase from The Catcher in the Rye, is one of Holden’s favorite concepts. It is his catch-all for describing the superficiality, hypocrisy, pretension, and shallowness that he encounters in the world around him. In Chapter 22, just before he reveals his fantasy of the catcher in the rye, Holden explains that adults are inevitably phonies, and, what’s worse, they can’t see their own phoniness. Phoniness, for Holden, stands as an emblem of everything that’s wrong in the world around him and provides an excuse for him to withdraw into his cynical isolation. Though oversimplified, Holden’s observations are not entirely inaccurate. He can be a highly insightful narrator, and he is very aware of superficial behavior in those around him. Throughout the novel he encounters many characters who do seem affected, pretentious, or superficial- Sally Hayes, Carl Luce, Maurice and Sunny, and even Mr. S pencer stand out as examples. Some characters, like Maurice and Sunny, are genuinely harmful. But although Holden expends so much energy searching for phoniness in others, he never directly observes his own phoniness. His deceptions are generally pointless and cruel and he notes that he is a compulsive liar. For example, on the train to New York, he perpetrates a mean-spirited and needless prank on Mrs. Morrow. He’d like us to believe that he is a paragon of virtue in a world of phoniness, but that simply isn’t the case. Although he’d like to believe that the world is a simple place, and that virtue and innocence rest on one side of the fence while superficiality and phoniness rest on the other, Holden is his own counterevidence. The world is not as simple as he’d like- and needs- it to be; even he cannot adhere to the same black-and-white standards with which he judges other people. 12. Holden’s loneliness, a more concrete manifestation of his alienation problem, is a driving force throughout the book. Most of the novel describes his almost manic quest for companionship as he flits from one meaningless encounter to another. Yet, while his behavior indicates his loneliness, Holden consistently shies away from introspection and thus doesn’t really know why he keeps behaving as he does. Because Holden depends on his isolation to preserve his detachment from the world and to maintain a level of self-protection, he often sabotages his own attempts to end his loneliness. For example, his conversation with Carl Luce and his date with Sally Hayes are made unbearable by his rude behavior. His calls to Jane Gallagher are aborted for a similar reason: to protect his precious and fragile sense of individuality.